@Dent You need:
1. A USB TTL cable (
such as this) that can do 3.3V serial (yes, it matters - 5V serial and 3.3V serial are very different),
2. To know what the serial port speed/stop/parity bits/flow control should be set to,
3. To solder pins to the actual E4200 mainboard so that you could use the above cable. Soldering the wires of the USB TTL adapter directly to the mainboard is ridiculous, IMO.
When hooking up the cable,
ONLY HOOK UP TxD AND RxD AND GND. DO NOT HOOK UP VCC!
Be aware that
many of the depictions of pinouts I've found online depict the TxD (transmit) and RxD (receive) pins backwards (
one such example -- different router, but my point stands). The authors of these pictures sometimes depict "what wire on your adapter to place here" and not what the actual pin functionality is, which is utterly stupid (i.e. backwards). Point is: TxD pin connects to RxD wire, RxD pin connects to TxD wire. If you get these mixed up (e.g. TxD<-->TxD), some devices will misbehave very badly (for example the RT-AC56U upon power-on will light up all its LEDs, then just sit there with the LEDs lit, as if you've permanently damaged the device).
I have to assume there's a CFE. If there isn't, then JTAG might be your only option. If there is a CFE, then you'll need to see if it the CFE it provides has a TFTP server so that you can transfer a firmware to the router from a client. Some CFEs have a TFTP client (i.e. the CFE fetches a firmware from a TFTP server), but have a 256KByte limitation on their transfer limit (i.e. you can't transfer a firmware this way).
Otherwise, if it's purely an NVRAM thing and the CFE offers NVRAM manipulation (most do!), then you can just manipulate NVRAM directly from the CFE.
P.S. -- Are you doing this purely for a fun project, or are you really trying to save the device out of dedication? If the latter: the E4200 is almost 4 years old, I'd suggest possibly just buying a different/newer router. It would be the easier choice.